Among the most internationally renowned writers are Joseph Brahim Seïd, Baba Moustapha, Antoine Bangui and Koulsy Lamko. [139][140][141][142], Football is Chad's most popular sport. [92] The subdivision of Chad in regions came about in 2003 as part of the decentralisation process, when the government abolished the previous 14 prefectures. [51], Extensive deforestation has resulted in loss of trees such as acacias, baobab, dates and palm trees. While many political parties are active, power lies firmly in the hands of President Déby and his political party, the Patriotic Salvation Movement. Il est également considéré comme particulièrement exposé aux effets du changement climatique (PNUE). [10], Chad is a religiously diverse country. [59], Urban life is concentrated in the capital, whose population is mostly engaged in commerce. It is used to make balls of paste that are dipped in sauces. Alcoholic beverages, though absent in the north, are popular in the south, where people drink millet beer, known as billi-billi when brewed from red millet, and as coshate when from white millet. [73] In cases of grave and immediate threat, the president, in consultation with the National Assembly, may declare a state of emergency. Women lack equal opportunities in education and training, making it difficult for them to compete for the relatively few formal-sector jobs. AUTO-EVALUATION NATIONALE POUR LE RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES POUR LA GESTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT MONDIAL . The only television station is the state-owned Télé Tchad. Instead, internal dissent worsened, and a new civil war broke out. Hissène Habré was overthrown in turn in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby. [65], Chad has more than 200 distinct ethnic groups,[66] which create diverse social structures. Fish is popular, which is generally prepared and sold either as salanga (sun-dried and lightly smoked Alestes and Hydrocynus) or as banda (smoked large fish). In the Sahel sedentary peoples live side by side with nomadic ones, such as the Arabs, the country's second major ethnic group. Female genital mutilation is also prohibited, but the practice is widespread and deeply rooted in tradition; 45% of Chadian women undergo the procedure, with the highest rates among Arabs, Hadjarai, and Ouaddaians (90% or more). The CIA World Factbook estimates the military budget of Chad to be 4.2% of GDP as of 2006. As a condition of its assistance, the World Bank insisted that 80% of oil revenues be spent on development projects. [38][66], An uneven inclusion into the global political economy as a site for colonial resource extraction (primarily cotton and crude oil), a global economic system that does not promote nor encourage the development of Chadian industrialization,[103] and the failure to support local agricultural production has meant that the majority of Chadians live in daily uncertainty and hunger. Sa superficie s’étend aujourd’hui sur moins de 2'000 km 2 . [40][96], Before the development of oil industry, cotton dominated industry and the labour market accounted for approximately 80% of export earnings. [79] Corruption is rife at all levels; Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2005 named Chad (tied with Bangladesh) as the most corrupt country in the world. Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. REPUBLIQUE DU TCHAD . Au Tchad, la Semaine Africaine de la Vaccination (SAV) 2014 prévue du 22 au 27 avril a bénéficié des apports techniques et financiers du gouvernement Tchadiens et des partenaires que sont l’UNICEF et l’OMS. Chad is one of the poorest and most corrupt countries in the world; most inhabitants live in poverty as subsistence herders and farmers. Most Protestants, including the Nigeria-based "Winners' Chapel", are affiliated with various evangelical Christian groups. Popular groups such as Tibesti have clung faster to their heritage by drawing on sai, a traditional style of music from southern Chad. The legal system's highest jurisdictions, the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Council, have become fully operational since 2000. It has the power to review legislation, treaties and international agreements prior to their adoption. Leurs contenus paléobiologiques (pollens, diatomées) sont souvent utilisés pour les reconstructions paléoenvironnementales, alors que leurs caractères sédimentologiques sont rarement exploités. Les périodes de sécheresses de 1960 à 1970 et de 1982 à 1984 qu’a connues le sahel et la construction des barrages au Nigéria voisin ont vidé le lac de ses eaux, rendu difficiles les … allowing a president to remain in power beyond the previous two-term limit. However, if the National Assembly rejects the executive branch's programme twice in one year, the president may disband the Assembly and call for new legislative elections. Its most common expression is the Tijaniyah, an order followed by the 35% of Chadian Muslims which incorporates some local African religious elements. La tendance pluviométrique dans les départements Mono-Couffo connait une baisse et ceci influence non seulement l’activité agricole mais aussi sur les autres activités socio-économiques dont l’activité pastorale qui a besoin des ressources en fourrage et en eau [7]. [116], The music of Chad includes a number of instruments such as the kinde, a type of bow harp; the kakaki, a long tin horn; and the hu hu, a stringed instrument that uses calabashes as loudspeakers. The Sao fell to the Kanem Empire,[11][12] the first and longest-lasting of the empires that developed in Chad's Sahelian strip by the end of the 1st millennium AD. [53] As part of the national conservation effort, more than 1.2 million trees have been replanted to check the advancement of the desert, which incidentally also helps the local economy by way of financial return from acacia trees, which produce gum arabic, and also from fruit trees. Chad's major rivers—the Chari, Logone and their tributaries—flow through the southern savannas from the southeast into Lake Chad. Dans la moitié nord, désertique, les précipitations annuelles sont insignifiantes (25 mm à Faya-Largeau). Radio has a far greater reach, with 13 private radio stations. Representations of Chad abroad, Institut National de la Statistique des Etudes Economiques et Demographiques, Energy [5] Chad is part of the Bank of Central African States, the Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). [130][133][134], The development of a Chadian film industry, which began with the short films of Edouard Sailly in the 1960s, was hampered by the devastations of civil wars and from the lack of cinemas, of which there is currently only one in the whole country (the Normandie in N'Djamena). Ainsi fixe-t-il le cadre de l’engagement du pays dans les termes suivants :2 S’agissant notamment des changements … Piracy and a lack of legal protections for artists' rights remain problems to further development of the Chadian music industry. Islam is expressed in diverse ways; for example, 55% of Muslim Chadians belong to Sufi orders. [130], Landlocked country in northern central Africa, This article is about the country. Ethnic violence in eastern Chad has increased; the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has warned that a genocide like that in Darfur may yet occur in Chad. Tombalbaye was overthrown and killed in 1975,[20] but the insurgency continued. In practice, the president exercises considerable influence over the National Assembly through his party, the Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), which holds a large majority. Le TCHAD est caractérisé par un climat de type continental chaud, avec une pluviométrie qui varie, du Nord au Sud du pays, entre 100 mm et 1.200 mm par an, influençant largement le système de production agricole. In 1979 the rebels conquered the capital and put an end to the South's hegemony. [71], Chad's constitution provides for a strong executive branch headed by a president who dominates the political system. [41] About half of the nation's population lives in the southern fifth of its territory, making this the most densely populated region. [78], Chad is listed as a failed state by the Fund for Peace (FFP). Chad's energy sector has had years of mismanagement by the parastatal Chad Water and Electric Society (STEE), which provides power for 15% of the capital's citizens and covers only 1.5% of the national population. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Note: External links will open in a new browser window. An elevation of 3,445 m at its peak, making it the highest mountain in Chad, and the highest in the Sahara. From 24 000 km 2 in the 1960s, the lake is no larger than 2000 km 2 today. [137] Haroun's film Abouna was critically acclaimed, and his Daratt won the Grand Special Jury Prize at the 63rd Venice International Film Festival. The Sahara's scattered oases support only some dates and legumes. (December 1992); "S.H. The earliest of these were the legendary Sao, known from artifacts and oral histories. [82], In southern Chad, bitter conflicts over land are becoming more and more common. Yearly rainfall in this belt is over 900 mm (35.4 in). [115] An international airport serves the capital and provides regular nonstop flights to Paris and several African cities. The National Assembly must approve the prime minister's plan of government and may force the prime minister to resign through a majority vote of no confidence. from CARE, Action Contre la Faim France, Oxfam. The country's capital is 1,060 kilometres (660 mi) from the nearest seaport, Douala, Cameroon. Article navigation. utilisation de l’eau Les principaux secteurs d’utilisation d’eau sont: l’élevage, l’agriculture, les industries, les usages domestiques, les écosystèmes … [60][61], Polygamy is common, with 39% of women living in such unions. The president is directly elected by popular vote for a five-year term; in 2005 constitutional term limits were removed,[74] Both faiths were introduced after independence in 1960 and therefore are considered to be "new" religions in the country. Since 2003 the Darfur crisis in Sudan has spilt over the border and destabilised the nation. This is sanctioned by law, which automatically permits polygamy unless spouses specify that this is unacceptable upon marriage. La SAV a focalisé cette année ses actions à l’endroit des populations insulaires et des nomades des régions du Lac, du Ouaddaï et de N’Djamena, qui sont des populations difficiles d’accès. [116] Most Chadians burn biomass fuels such as wood and animal manure for power. [9][10], For more than 2,000 years, the Chadian Basin has been inhabited by agricultural and sedentary people. [68][69] Among Muslims, 48% professed to be Sunni, 21% Shia, 4% Ahmadi and 23% just Muslim. [17], The French primarily viewed the colony as an unimportant source of untrained labour and raw cotton; France introduced large-scale cotton production in 1929. Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Movement for Justice and Democracy in Chad, Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa, Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, "Analyse Thematique des Resultats Definitifs Etat et Structures de la Population", Projections demographiques 2009–2050 Tome 1: Niveau national, DEUXIEME RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L'HABITAT (RGPH2, 2009): RESULTATS GLOBAUX DEFINITIFS, https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR90/FR90.pdf, "Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History", "Chad ex-leader Habre charged in Senegal with war crimes", "Hissène Habré: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity", "Chad government foils coup attempt – minister", "Why Is Chad on Trump's Travel Ban List? Cette … Coordinates: 15°N 19°E / 15°N 19°E / 15; 19. Mais même si à présent des voix, de plus en plus nombreuses, s’élèvent pour plaider en faveur d’une … His general, Idriss Déby, overthrew him in 1990. Lower percentages were reported among the Sara (38%) and the Toubou (2%). [100] Given the then GDP ($7.095 bln) of the country, military spending was estimated to be about $300 million. Lake Chad, the main water source in Central Africa is under disappearance. [126], Educators face considerable challenges due to the nation's dispersed population and a certain degree of reluctance on the part of parents to send their children to school. [89] The Movement for Justice and Democracy in Chad or MDJT also clashed with government forces in 2003 in an attempt to overthrow President Idriss Déby. [58], Chad's population is unevenly distributed. [71], The majority of Muslims in the country are adherents of a moderate branch of mystical Islam (Sufism). [3] The country's population is young: an estimated 47.3% is under 15. Two other states in the region, Sultanate of Bagirmi and Wadai Empire emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries. [10][40], In the south live sedentary people such as the Sara, the nation's main ethnic group, whose essential social unit is the lineage. The other major towns are Sarh, Moundou, Abéché and Doba, which are considerably smaller but growing rapidly in population and economic activity. [129], Because of its great variety of peoples and languages, Chad possesses a rich cultural heritage. In the 1960s, the mining industry of Chad produced sodium carbonate, or natron. Despite the constitution's guarantee of judicial independence, the president names most key judicial officials. The 2010 feature film A Screaming Man won the Jury Prize at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival, making Haroun the first Chadian director to enter, as well as win, an award in the main Cannes competition. The Sahara lies in the country's northern third. In the north this dish is known as alysh; in the south, as biya. Situé dans une zone de faible pluviométrie et à évaporation intense, le lac Tchad est une immense cuvette à fond plat dont la profondeur n’excède généralement pas 4 m. Il reçoit ses eaux essentiellement des fleuves Logone et Chari dont les apports représentent plus de 90 pour cent du total. Chad (/tʃæd/ (listen); Arabic: تشاد‎ Tishād, Arabic pronunciation: [tʃaːd]; French: Tchad, pronounced [tʃa(d)]), officially known as the Republic of Chad (Arabic: جمهورية تْشَاد‎ Jumhūriyyat Tšād; French: République du Tchad), is a landlocked country in north-central Africa. [23] Libya's adventure ended in disaster in 1987; the French-supported president, Hissène Habré, evoked a united response from Chadians of a kind never seen before[24] and forced the Libyan army off Chadian soil. [48][49], Elephants, lions, buffalo, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, giraffes, antelopes, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, and many species of snakes are found here, although most large carnivore populations have been drastically reduced since the early 20th century. [26][27] The president favoured his own Toubou ethnic group and discriminated against his former allies, the Zaghawa. Chad has a population of 11.3 million people (2009 census). It is slightly smaller than Peru and slightly larger than South Africa. The former sultan's palace in the village of Gaoui just east of N'Djamena it houses now a small museum of the Sao culture. [97] To this end, the constitution declares that each administrative subdivisions be governed by elected local assemblies,[98] but no local elections have taken place,[99] and communal elections scheduled for 2005 have been repeatedly postponed.[63]. Plusieurs … Since its first inclusion on the index in 2004, Chad's best score has been 2/10 for 2011. Carte climatique et formations végétales (CNAR, 2007) Le Climat (suite) ... (zones du Lac Tchad); valorisation des eaux de surface (cours d’eau temporaires et permanents); mise en valeur et la réhabilitation des petits périmètres irrigués; mobilisation des eaux de ruissellement et aménagements des bassins versants, des bas fonds ainsi que des ouaddis. Chad becomes independent in 1960 as the Republic of Tchad. [124] Newspapers are limited in quantity and distribution, and circulation figures are small due to transportation costs, low literacy rates, and poverty. Capital and largest city is N'Djamena, spoken languages are French and Arabic (both official), over 120 languages and dialects in use by 200 distinct groups, … Successive road rehabilitation projects improved the network[112] to 550 kilometres (340 mi) by 2004. [33] In 2006 and in 2008 rebel forces attempted to take the capital by force, but failed on both occasions. Cellule Economique Since 1962, 20 Chadian authors have written some 60 works of fiction. ", United Nations Commission on Human Rights, "Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands – Chad", "The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis", "Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania", "Livestock-wildlife-environment interactions in Chad", "African Elephants Slaughtered in Herds Near Chad Wildlife Park", "Rangers in Isolated Central Africa Uncover Grim Cost of Protecting Wildlife", United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United States Agency for International Development, "COMMISSION DECISION of on the financing of a Global Plan for humanitarian operations from the budget of the European Union in CHAD", Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, "Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations", "Table: Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country", "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity", Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Chad, Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile, "Commercialisation is destroying community rules", "Chad passes law to make gay sex illegal", "Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic", Victims of Genocide in Darfur: Past, Present, and Future – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan, Chad rebels say to resume fight, Deby's promises unmet, A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? [88], There have been numerous rebel groups in Chad throughout the last few decades. [121], Chad's television audience is limited to N'Djamena. Since then the trend has been upwards each year. By the end of the 1st millennium AD, a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction, Gateway expands presence in Guinea and Senegal, RESULTS FOR THE 3 MONTH PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2010, Security claims blocking Africa telecom deregulation, Radio Stations | Embassy of the United States Ndjamena, Chad, Newspapers | Embassy of the United States Ndjamena, Chad, "Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Chad", "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor", Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries, Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche, An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father"), World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD), Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&oldid=991583599, Arabic-speaking countries and territories, French-speaking countries and territories, Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, States and territories established in 1960, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with dead external links from July 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. This estimate however dropped after the end of the Civil war in Chad (2005–2010) to 2.0%[101] as estimated by the World Bank for the year 2011. [40][66] At 33 percent, Chad has one of the lowest literacy rates of Sub-Saharan Africa. Download : 102851-wp-p149275-v2-box394845b-public … Yearly precipitations throughout this belt are under 50 millimetres (2.0 in); only occasional spontaneous palm groves survive, all of them south of the Tropic of Cancer. [25], Habré consolidated his dictatorship through a power system that relied on corruption and violence with thousands of people estimated to have been killed under his rule. The capital N'Djamena is the largest city. [131] Carcaje is a popular sweet red tea extracted from hibiscus leaves. [110] In addition, organizations such as Save the Children have suspended activities due to killings of aid workers. Lake Chad, after which the country is named (and which in turn takes its name from the Kanuri word for "lake"[43]), is the remains of an immense lake that occupied 330,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) of the Chad Basin 7,000 years ago. [31] Oil exploitation began in Chad in 2003, bringing with it hopes that Chad would, at last, have some chances of peace and prosperity. [42], The dominant physical structure is a wide basin bounded to the north and east by the Ennedi Plateau and Tibesti Mountains, which include Emi Koussi, a dormant volcano that reaches 3,414 metres (11,201 ft) above sea level. L’engagement du Cameroun, par la voix du Chef de l’État, son Excellence Paul Biya, à la tribune des Nations unies en 2009, est suffisamment explicite sur les raisons de l’engagement réitéré du pays, aux côtés des autres nations du monde, pour la lutte contre le changement climatique. du Tchad, Workgroup RESUME . [130][132], As in other Sahelian countries, literature in Chad has seen an economic, political and spiritual drought that has affected its best known writers. [10] These states, at least tacitly Muslim, never extended their control to the southern grasslands except to raid for slaves. [130], Millet is the staple food of Chadian cuisine. [77][117][125] While the constitution defends liberty of expression, the government has regularly restricted this right, and at the end of 2006 began to enact a system of prior censorship on the media. [93] The departments are divided into 200 sub-prefectures, which are in turn composed of 446 cantons. Various estimates, including from Pew Research Center in 2010, found that 51.8 - 57.7% of the population was Muslim, while Une illustration du phénomène du changement climatique est le cas du Lac Tchad dont la superficie est passée de 25,000 km2 à près de 1,500 de nos jours. Le pays est donc exposé aux aléas climatiq… Other instruments and their combinations are more linked to specific ethnic groups: the Sara prefer whistles, balafones, harps and kodjo drums; and the Kanembu combine the sounds of drums with those of flute-like instruments.

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